Yes and no, It's a bit complex and I can explain.
You should be able to trigger using the REST API, an existing replication,which means that you already configured all of the required parameters for the replication on the repository.Its not possible to run a replication between two instances of Artifactory if you don't have it set up already, which means that if the repository doesn't have replication configuration, you will not be able to replicate from it. Also, the jfrog cli will fail to assist in this specific scenario.