Selenium Tutorial: All You Need To Know About Selenium WebDriver

In this Selenium Tutorial article, I will introduce you to Selenium Webdriver which is the most popularly used automation test framework in today’s market. It is open-sourced and can be used with all the prominent programming languages like Java, Python, C#, Ruby, Perl, etc., for automating the browser activities. Through this article, I will tell you everything you need to know to get started with testing web apps using Selenium WebDriver. 

This selenium tutorial blog will give you a glimpse of all the important concepts required for Selenium Course Online.

What Is Selenium WebDriver?

Selenium WebDriver is a web-based automation testing framework that can test web pages initiated on various web browsers and various operating systems. In fact, you also have the freedom to write test scripts in different programming languages like Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, C#, PHP, and JavaScript. Do note that Mozilla Firefox is Selenium WebDriver’s default browser. 

But many times, budding testers has this doubt in mind,

Is Selenium easy to learn?

To answer this question in very layman terms, I would say, “Yes, it is!”. Selenium is really easy to learn and master as you need to have a basic understanding of any of the prominent programming languages such as Java, C#, Python, Perl, Ruby, PHP. Having prior knowledge of any of these programming languages comes in handy for writing test cases. But in case you don’t have any then worry not. Selenium IDE is a GUI based tool that you can use effectively.

Selenium Tutorial for Beginners

Selenium is an open-source framework for automating web browsers, allowing developers to write scripts in various programming languages to perform actions such as button clicking and form filling. Below we have added the free learning resources as a tutorial for beginners. Lets check it out:

Chapter 1:- Selenium Introduction

One popular tool for automating web application testing is Selenium, a potent tool. However, it can also be applied to other tasks, like automating website tasks or web scraping.

Chapter 2:- How to Install Selenium in Java

To install Selenium in Java, include the Selenium WebDriver dependencies in the build tool for your project. The WebDriver executable should then be downloaded, and its path should be included in your Java code for your chosen browser.With the aid of Selenium, developers can automate web application testing, guaranteeing effective

Chapter 3:- Why use Java for Selenium

Java is a robust cross-browser automation and scalable test framework; it is widely used with Selenium because of its extensive libraries, strong community support, and independence from other platforms.

Chapter 4:- Various Components of Selenium Suite

A complete web testing solution is provided by the Selenium Suite, which comes with WebDriver for browser automation, an IDE for record-and-playback, and Grid for parallel test execution.

Chapter 5:- What is setProperty in Selenium, and how can it be used

In order to enable correct configuration for automated testing, setProperty in Selenium is used to set browser-specific system properties, such as WebDriver executable paths.

Chapter 6:- How to Run Selenium in Chrome Browser

ChromeDriver.exe is an executable file that the Chrome driver uses to implement the WebDriver protocol. The executable file launches a server on your computer, and every test must launch and connect to this server.

Chapter 7:- All You Need to Know About Selenium WebDriver Architecture

With the help of browser-specific drivers, the client (Selenium script) can control browsers and interact with web elements for automated testing. Selenium WebDriver is designed on a client-server architecture.

Chapter 8:- Selenium Using Python

Python and Selenium together enable developers to automate web browsers, making tasks like web scraping and testing easier. Selenium is renowned for its ease of Use and readable automation scripts.

Chapter 9:- Limitations of Selenium

Selenium’s capabilities are limited in certain testing scenarios due to a number of issues, such as difficulties testing mobile apps, the lack of native reporting tools, and issues with dynamic web elements and CAPTCHA.

Chapter 10:- Building Selenium Resume

Create a strong Selenium resume by emphasizing your experience with test automation, your programming abilities, and your accomplishments in projects to show that you are an expert in developing reliable and effective web testing solutions.

Chapter 11:- Learn about Listeners in Selenium

In order to capture and respond to a range of events, including test start, success, failure, and more, it is necessary to comprehend listeners in Selenium. These listeners enable event-driven actions to be taken during test execution.

Chapter 12:- User’s Perspective on Selenium IDE

When it comes to creating and running automated tests, Selenium IDE provides an easy-to-use browser extension tool with basic record-and-playback features.

Chapter 13:- Difference Between QTP Vs Selenium

While Selenium is an open-source tool with a programming-centric approach that offers flexibility and cost-effectiveness in test automation, QTP (UFT) is a commercial tool with a record-playback feature

Chapter 14:- Difference Between Selenium Vs RPA

While RPA (Robotic Process Automation) is a more comprehensive automation approach that includes automating various tasks across applications, systems, and user interfaces, Selenium is primarily used for web browser automation and testing.

Chapter 15:- Know about Selenium WebElements

During automated testing, Selenium WebElements simulate web page elements and enable programmatic user interaction and manipulation.

Chapter 16:- How To Find Elements in Selenium WebDriver

In Selenium WebDriver, finding elements is achieved using various locators like ID, Name, XPath, etc., enabling the automation script to interact with specific elements on a web page.

Chapter 17:- Locators in Selenium

Locators, which include ID, XPath, CSS selectors, and others, are crucial identifiers in Selenium that allow for exact targeting and interaction with web elements during automated testing.

Chapter 18:- How to Use Link Text in Selenium

Using the link text method, one can locate and interact with hyperlinks on a webpage in Selenium, making it easier for users to navigate and interact with particular links during automated testing.

Chapter 19:- How to Get Started with XPath in Selenium

Use this effective locator technique to navigate XML-like structures in web pages and quickly find elements for automation when you first start using XPath in Selenium.

Chapter 20:- Know About Awaits in Selenium

In order to ensure correct synchronization in Selenium, awaits—which are usually implemented with explicit or implicit waits—pause execution until certain conditions are met. This helps to avoid potential timing problems during automated testing.

Chapter 21:- Locate Web Elements Using CSS Selector in Selenium

During test automation, Selenium’s CSS selectors for web element location provide a clear and robust syntax for accurately identifying and interacting with elements on a webpage.

Chapter 22:- New Features of ChroPath for XPath and CSS Selectors

ChroPath is a Chrome extension that makes it easier to locate web elements in Selenium automation. It adds new features to improve XPath and CSS selector generation.

Chapter 23:- Building A Data-Driven, Keyword Driven & Hybrid Selenium Framework

Developing an adaptable and modular test automation architecture that meets a range of testing requirements is necessary to build a Data-Driven, Keyword-Driven, and Hybrid Selenium Framework.

Chapter 24:- What are ChromeDriver and GeckoDriver in Selenium

Selenium can control and automate browser actions during testing thanks to WebDriver implementations for the Chrome and Firefox browsers, respectively, called ChromeDriver and GeckoDriver.

Chapter 25 :- TestNG For Test Case Management & Report Generation

TestNG is a powerful testing framework for Java that improves the automation testing process by enabling effective test case management and thorough report generation.

Chapter 26:- Know about Robot Class in Selenium WebDriver

The Robot class in Selenium WebDriver is used to mimic keyboard and mouse operations natively, enabling more sophisticated and cross-platform automation of user inputs.

Chapter 27:- How to handle Actions class in Selenium WebDriver

The Actions class in Selenium WebDriver is used for sophisticated user interactions, like carrying out intricate mouse and keyboard operations, which improves the accuracy and adaptability of automated testing scenarios.

Chapter 28:- How to Handle Alerts and Pop-ups in Selenium

Selenium handles alerts and pop-ups by using the Alert interface to interact with and manage dialogue boxes during automated testing scenarios.

Chapter 29:- How to Select a value from a dropdown in Selenium WebDriver

During test automation in Selenium WebDriver, options can be programmatically chosen by interacting with dropdown elements through the Use of the Select class.

Chapter 30:- How To Take A Screenshot In Selenium WebDriver

With just one line of code, you can take a screenshot in Selenium WebDriver by capturing the screen during automated testing with the getScreenshotAs method.

Chapter 31:- TestNG Annotations in Selenium

With the help of TestNG annotations in Selenium, developers can define setup, teardown, and test methods, which improves the organization and control of automated test suites. This results in a structured approach to test execution.

Chapter 32:- How To Use DataProvider in TestNG – TestNG Parameterization

By providing test data, DataProvider in TestNG facilitates parameterization and increases test flexibility and efficiency through iterative execution with various input values.

Chapter 33:- How to Perform Database Testing Using Selenium

Database testing with Selenium entails verifying database interactions through user interface actions, guaranteeing that changes made to the front end coincide with changes made to the database during automated testing.

Chapter 34:- How to Handle Multiple Windows in Selenium

During automated testing scenarios, handling multiple windows in Selenium entails switching between different browser windows using window handles and the switch method.

Chapter 35:- Know About Page Object Model In Selenium

By encapsulating web page elements and related functionalities, Selenium’s Page Object Model design pattern improves code maintainability and encourages reusability and readability in test automation.

Chapter 36:- Know How To Handle Exceptions in Selenium

In order to ensure reliable and stable automation scripts, handling exceptions in Selenium requires gracefully utilizing try-catch blocks to handle errors during test execution.

Chapter 37:- Setting up a Selenium Grid for distributed Selenium testing

Configuring a hub and nodes to support distributed testing, which enables Selenium tests to run concurrently across several computers and browsers, is the first step in setting up a Selenium Grid.

Chapter 38:- Cucumber Selenium – Know How to Perform Website Testing

By incorporating behavior-driven development (BDD) principles, Cucumber Selenium makes it easier to test websites. It does this by providing plain-text scenarios and step definitions for automated testing, which foster collaboration between technical and non-technical stakeholders.

Chapter 39:- How To Perform Cross-Browser Testing Using LambdaTest

In order to ensure thorough web application compatibility, LambdaTest’s cross-browser testing entails using its cloud platform to run Selenium scripts in a variety of browser environments.

Chapter 40:- How to Perform Cross-Browser Testing Using Selenium

Utilizing Selenium, cross-browser testing entails running test scripts on multiple browsers to verify the functionality and compatibility of web applications on different platforms.

Chapter 41:- Learn How To Build and Execute Selenium Projects

Mastering the setup, configuration, and coding techniques necessary to produce reliable and scalable test automation solutions is a prerequisite for developing and implementing Selenium projects.

Chapter 42:- How to Create a Selenium Maven Project with Eclipse

Setting up a Maven project, configuring dependencies, and putting automation scripts for effective web testing into practice are all part of creating a Selenium Maven project with Eclipse.

Chapter 43 :- Top 50+ Selenium Interview Questions And Answers

With this extensive list of the top 50+ questions and answers covering important ideas, industry best practices, and typical problems in web automation testing, you can get ready for Selenium interviews.

Find out our Selenium Training in Top Cities/Countries

What does Selenium software do?

Below are a few of the most intriguing uses of Selenium software:

1. Automated Testing: Automated Testing comes in handy in larger projects where if not for Selenium,  the tester would have to manually test each and every created functionality. With Selenium, all of the manual tasks are automated, thereby reducing the burden and stress on the testers.
2. Cross Browsers Compatibility: Selenium supports a wide range of browsers such as Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Safari, and Opera.
3. Increases Test Coverage: With the automation of tests, the overall testing time gets reduced which results in freeing up time for the tester to perform more testing on different test scenarios in the same time.
4. Reduces Test Execution Time: Since Selenium supports parallel test execution, it greatly helps in reducing parallel test execution time.
5. Multiple OS Support: Selenium WebDriver provides support across multiple Operating Systems like Windows, Linux, UNIX, Mac, etc. With Selenium WebDriver you can create a test case on Windows OS and execute it on Mac OS.

Related Learning: Playwright vs Selenium: Key Differences

What are the basics of Selenium?

WebDriver was introduced as part of Selenium v2.0. Selenium v1 consisted of only IDE, RC, and Grid. But the major breakthrough in the Selenium project was when WebDriver was developed and introduced as a replacement in Selenium v2. However, with the release of Selenium v3, RC has been deprecated and moved to a legacy package. You can still download and work with RC but, don’t expect any support for it.

In a nutshell, the advantages WebDriver has over RC are:

• Support for more programming languages, operating system, and web browsers
• Overcoming the limitations of Selenium 1 like file upload, download, pop-ups & dialog barrier
• Simpler commands when compared to RC, and a better API
• Support for Batch testing, Cross-browser testing & Data-driven testing

But the drawback when compared to RC is that the test reports cannot be generated. RC generates detailed reports.

The below image depicts how WebDriver works:

But have you ever wondered why Selenium Webdriver was needed? In the next section of this Selenium Tutorial article, I will discuss the limitations of Selenium RC because that was the reason for the eventual development of WebDriver.

Related Learning: Selenium 4 Features

Drawbacks Of Selenium RC And The Birth Of WebDriver

You might be surprised when I say that Selenium RC became an instant hit when it was launched. That was because it overcame the same-origin policy issue which was a major problem while testing web apps with Selenium Core. But do you know what the same-origin policy issue was?

Same-origin policy is rules which enforce the web application security model. According to the same-origin policy, the web browser will allow JavaScript codes to access elements on the web page, if and only if both the JavaScript and web page being tested are hosted from the same domain. Selenium Core being a JavaScript-based testing tool was handicapped for the same reason that it could not test every web page.

But when Selenium RC came into the picture, it rid testers of the same-origin policy issue. But, how did RC do that? RC did that by using another component called the Selenium RC server. So, RC is a tool that is a combination of two components: Selenium RC server and Selenium RC client.

Selenium RC server is an HTTP proxy server, designed to “trick” the browser into believing that Selenium Core and the web application being tested are from the same domain. Hence, there is no stopping the JavaScript code from accessing and testing any web site.

Even though Selenium RC was a major hit, it had its own share of problems. The major one being the time taken for executing tests. Since the Selenium RC server is the middle man in the communication between the browser and your Selenium commands, test executions are very time-consuming. Besides the time factor, RC’s architecture is also slightly complicated.

This architecture involves first injecting Selenium Core into the web browser. Then Selenium Core will receive the instructions from the RC server and convert it into a JavaScript command. This JavaScript code is responsible for accessing and testing the web elements. If you look at the image below, you will get an idea of how RC works.

To overcome these problems, Selenium WebDriver was developed. WebDriver is faster because it interacts directly with the browser and there is no involvement of an external proxy server. The architecture is also simpler as the browser is controlled from the OS level. The below image will help you understand how WebDriver works.

Another benefit with WebDriver is that it supports testing on the HTML Unit driver which is a headless driver. When we say a headless driver, it refers to the fact that the browser has no GUI. RC on the other hand does not support the HTML Unit driver. These are some of the reasons why WebDriver scores over RC.

Before learning the concepts of Selenium, you should have a basic understanding of Java or any other object-oriented programming language. Languages supported by Selenium include C#, Java, Perl, PHP, Python and Ruby. Currently, Selenium Webdriver is most popular with Java and C#.

Let’s now move ahead and learn about “browser elements” in the next part of this Selenium tutorial where I will tell you what are these elements and how testing happens on these web elements.

What Are Browser Elements?

Elements are the different components that are present on web pages. The most common elements we notice while browsing are:

• Text boxes
• CTA Buttons
• Images
• Hyperlinks
• Radio buttons/ Checkboxes
• Text area/ Error messages
• Drop down box/ List box/ Combo box
• Web Table/ HTML Table
• Frame

Testing these elements essentially means we have to check whether they are working fine and responding the way we want it to. For example, if we are testing text boxes, what would you test it for?

1. Whether we are able to send text or numbers to the text box
2. Can we retrieve text that has been passed to the text box, etc.

If we are testing an image, we might want to:

1. Download the image
2. Upload the image
3. Click on the image link
4. Retrieve the image title, etc.

Similarly, operations can be performed on each of the elements mentioned earlier. But only after the elements are located on the web page, we can perform operations and start testing them right? So, the next topic, I will be covering in this Selenium tutorial blog is element locator techniques.

Locating Browser Elements Present On The Web Page

Every element on a web page will have attributes (properties). Elements can have more than one attribute and most of these attributes will be unique for different elements. For example, consider a page having two elements: an image and a text box. Both these elements have a ‘Name’ attribute and an ‘ID’ attribute. These attribute values need to be unique for each element. In other words, two elements cannot have the same attribute value. Elements can have the same value for ‘Class Name’.

In the example considered, the image and text box can neither have the same ‘ID’ value nor the same ‘Name’ value. However, there are some attributes that can be common for a group of elements on the page. I will tell you which are those attributes later, but before that let me list down the 8 attributes using which we can locate elements. Those attributes are ID, Name, Class Name, Tag Name, Link Text, Partial Link Text, CSS and XPath.

Since the elements are located using these attributes, we refer to them as ‘Locators’. The locators are:

• By.id
  Syntax: driver.findElement(By.id(“xxx”));
• By.name
  Syntax: driver.findElement(By.name(“xxx”));
• By.className
  Syntax: driver.findElement(By.className(“xxx”));
• By.tagName
  Syntax: driver.findElement(By.tagName(“xxx”));
• By.linkText
  Syntax: driver.findElement(By.linkText(“xxx”));
• By.partialLinkText
  Syntax: driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText(“xxx”));
• By.css
  Syntax: driver.findElement(By.css(“xxx”));
• By.xpath
  Syntax: driver.findElement(By.xpath(“xxx”));

By looking at the syntax above, you might have realized locators are called inside methods. So, before going any further, you need to learn all the other methods, browser commands and functions that can be used to perform operations on the elements.

Operations On Browser Elements

From this section of the blog onwards, you will be having a lot of fun because there will be less theory and more codes. So be prepared, and keep your Eclipse IDE open with the required Selenium packages installed.

To start testing a web page, we need to first open a browser, then navigate to the web page by providing the URL right? Check out the below piece of code, where I have replicated the same. Firefox browser will first be initiated and then it will navigate to Facebook’s login page.

package seleniumWebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;

public class WebDriverClass 
{
public static void main(String[] args) 
{
System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver", "files/geckodriver.exe");
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.get("https://www.facebook.com/");
driver.getTitle();
driver.quit();
}
}

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver; is a library package which contains the required class to initiate the browser loaded with a specific driver.

import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver; is a library package which contains the FirefoxDriver class needed to start FirefoxDriver as the browser initiated by the WebDriver class.

System.setProperty(“webdriver.gecko.driver”, “files/geckodriver.exe”); – This command notifies the run-time engine that the Gecko driver is present in the specified path. After Firefox 35, we need to download the Gecko driver for working with WebDriver. In case you want to test on chrome, then you have to download ChromeDriver, which is a .exe file and specify it’s path in this line of code. We have to do it similarly in case of other browsers also.

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(); – This command is used to initiate a new Firefox driver object.

driver.get(“https://www.edureka.co/”); – This method is used to open the specified URL.

driver.getTitle(); – This command gets the title of the tab that is currently open in the browser.

driver.quit(); – This command closes the browser driver.

But, what if you want to navigate to a different URL and then do testing? In that case you can use the navigate.to() command as shown in the below code snippet. If you then want to come back to the previous page, then you can do that by using navigate.back() command. Similarly for refreshing the current page, you can use navigate.refresh() command.

driver.navigate().to(“https://www.edureka.co/testing-with-selenium-webdriver”);
driver.navigate().refresh();
driver.navigate().back();

If you want to maximize the size of browser window, then you can do that by using the code in the snippet below.

driver.manage().window().maximize(); 

In case you want to set a custom size for the browser window, then you can set your own dimensions as shown in the below code snippet.

Dimension d = new Dimension(420,600);
driver.manage().window().setSize(d); 

Now that you know most of the basics, let’s go to the next topic in this Selenium tutorial blog. Let’s try to find an element on the web page and then perform any operation that is possible.

I’m pretty sure, you all have Facebook accounts. So, let me show you how to log into Facebook bypassing the credentials from the code itself.

There are two text fields in the Facebook login page, one for Email/Phone and another for Password. We have to locate these two elements, pass the credentials to those elements and then find the third element: Login button which needs to be clicked on.

Look at the screenshot below. It is the screenshot of Facebook’s login page.

If you Inspect (Ctlr + Shift + i) this page, then you will get the same window in your browser. Then, under Elements, list of all the elements present on the page and their attributes will be displayed. There are three portions highlighted in the above screenshot. The first highlighted element is an email text field, the second is the password text field and the third is the Login button.

If you can recall, I mentioned earlier that these elements can be located using element locator techniques. Let’s use it to locate these elements and send the field values.
This is the syntax for finding the element: driver.findElement(By.id(“xxx”));
For sending it values, we can use the method sendKeys(“credentials“);
For clicking on a button, we have to use the method click();

So, let’s get started with finding the element and performing an operation on it. The code for it is in the below snippet.

driver.findElement(By.name("email")).sendKeys("xxx@gmail.com");
driver.findElement(By.name("pass")).sendKeys("xxxxxx");
driver.findElement(By.id("u_0_q")).click();

In line #1, we are identifying the Email element by its unique ‘Name’ attribute and sending it the EmailID. 
In line #2, we are identifying the Password element by its unique ‘Name’ attribute and sending it the password.
In line #3, we are locating the Login button element by its unique ID and clicking on that button.

Adding just these lines of code might not be enough. That is because of the dynamics of the page, it might not respond immediately and by the time the page loads, WebDriver will get terminated and throw a timeout exception error. This issue might not happen in Facebook’s page because it is fast, but will most likely happen in any other E-Commerce site and other dynamic web sites.

To overcome this problem, we need to use an advanced technique. We need to request our WebDriver to wait after the page is accessed and after it loads completely, we need to locate the elements and then perform actions.

In case you want your WebDriver to wait until all the elements load in a web page and then close the browser, then we can achieve that by using driver.wait() method or Threads.sleep() method. However, if you are writing more advanced code, then you should use Implicit waits or Explicit waits. In the next blog of this Selenium tutorial series, I will explain the concept of wait conditions. But for our case, the below commands are enough.

 
driver.wait(5000);
// or use this:-
Thread.sleep(5000);

But, while working with wait conditions, remember to import this library:
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
We do it because, the class for wait and its related methods will be present in this library.

The entire code I explained, is present in the below code snippet.

package seleniumWebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class WebDriverClass 
{
public static void main(String[] args) 
{
System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver", "files/geckodriver.exe");
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.get("https://www.facebook.com/");
driver.manage().window().maximize();
driver.getTitle();
driver.navigate().to(“https://www.edureka.co/testing-with-selenium-webdriver”);

driver.navigate().back();
driver.navigate().refresh();
driver.wait(5000);
// or use
// Thread.sleep(5000);

driver.findElement(By.name("email")).sendKeys("xxx@gmail.com");
driver.findElement(By.name("pass")).sendKeys("xxxxxx");
driver.findElement(By.id("u_0_q")).click();

driver.quit();
}
}

When you replace the credentials with your actual email and password and execute this code, then Facebook will open in a new window, enter your credentials and login to your account.

Voila! You have successfully logged in, which means your complete code executed completely.

I have used the ID and Name attributes for locating elements. You can in fact use any other locator for finding the elements. XPath is the most useful and important of the locator techniques. But, as long as you can find even one of the attributes and use them for locating elements, you should be good. You can see the below video delivered by an industry expert, where she has shown all the above mentioned features of Selenium WebDriver with hands-on.

My next blog in this Selenium tutorial series is about how TestNG can be used along with Selenium WebDriver. I urge you to read it because it talks about how the limitations of WebDriver (test case management and report generation) can be overcome by using TestNG.

Find out our Automation Testing Training in Top Cities/Countries

If you encounter any problem while executing the code present in this blog or if you have any other queries, then put them in the comments section below and we will get back to you right away.

If you wish to learn Selenium and build a career in the testing domain, then check out our interactive, live-online Selenium Certification Training here, which comes with 24*7 support to guide you throughout your learning period.

Got a question for us? Please mention it in the comments section of this What is Selenium article and we will get back to you.