Both the Edge Locations (EL) and Availability Zones (AZ) are AWS Data Centers, but EL are primarily used for caching of the data to provide better user experience with low latency, the AZ are used for hosting servers, websites, applications, softwares, Big Data processing, analytics and a wide variety of use cases.
AZ are big and few when compared to the EL. Also, the EL are closer to the user providing better latency when compared to the AZ.
You can learn more from the AWS training in Bangalore.