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With the exponential outburst of AI, companies are eagerly looking to hire skilled Data Scientists to grow their business. Apart from getting a Data Science Certification, it is always good to have a couple of Data Science Projects on your resume. Having theoretical knowledge is never enough. So, in this blog, you’ll learn how to practically use Data Science methodologies to solve real-world problems.
Data Science Project Life Cycle
Given the right data, Data Science can be used to solve problems ranging from fraud detection and smart farming to predicting climate change and heart diseases. With that being said, data isn’t enough to solve a problem, you need an approach or a method that will give you the most accurate results. This brings us to the question:
How Do You Solve Data Science Problems?
A problem statement in Data Science can be solved by following the below steps:
- Define Problem Statement/ Business Requirement
- Data Collection
- Data Cleaning
- Data Exploration & Analysis
- Data Modelling
- Deployment & Optimization
Data Science Project Life Cycle – Data Science Projects – Edureka
Let’s look at each of these steps in detail:
Step 1: Define Problem Statement
Before you even begin a Data Science project, you must define the problem you’re trying to solve. At this stage, you should be clear with the objectives of your project.
Step 2: Data Collection
Like the name suggests at this stage you must acquire all the data needed to solve the problem. Collecting data is not very easy because most of the time you won’t find data sitting in a database, waiting for you. Instead, you’ll have to go out, do some research and collect the data or scrape it from the internet.
Step 3: Data Cleaning
If you ask a Data Scientist what their least favorite process in Data Science is, they’re most probably going to tell you that it is Data Cleaning. Data cleaning is the process of removing redundant, missing, duplicate and unnecessary data. This stage is considered to be one of the most time-consuming stages in Data Science. However, in order to prevent wrongful predictions, it is important to get rid of any inconsistencies in the data.
Step 4: Data Analysis and Exploration
Once you’re done cleaning the data, it is time to get the inner Sherlock Holmes out. At this stage in a Data Science life-cycle, you must detect patterns and trends in the data. This is where you retrieve useful insights and study the behavior of the data. At the end of this stage, you must start to form hypotheses about your data and the problem you are tackling.
Step 5: Data Modelling
This stage is all about building a model that best solves your problem. A model can be a Machine Learning Algorithm that is trained and tested using the data. This stage always begins with a process called Data Splicing, where you split your entire data set into two proportions. One for training the model (training data set) and the other for testing the efficiency of the model (testing data set).
This is followed by building the model by using the training data set and finally evaluating the model by using the test data set.
Step 6: Optimization and Deployment:
This is the last stage of the Data Science life-cycle. At this stage, you must try to improve the efficiency of the data model, so that it can make more accurate predictions. The end goal is to deploy the model into production or production-like environment for final user acceptance. The users must validate the performance of the models and if there are any issues with the model then they must be fixed in this stage.
Now that you know how a problem can be solved using Data Science, let’s get to the fun part. In the following section, I will be providing you with five high-level Projects on Data Science that can get you hired in the top IT firms.
Data Science In R
Before we start coding, here’s a short disclaimer:
I’m going to be using the R language to run the entire Data Science workflow because R is a statistical language and it has over 8000 packages that make our lives easier.
If you wish to learn more about R Programming, you can check out this video by our R Programming experts.
R Tutorial For Beginners | Edureka
This Edureka R Tutorial will help you in understanding the fundamentals of R tool and help you build a strong foundation in R.
Classification of 1994 Census Income Data
Problem Statement: To build a model that will predict if the income of any individual in the US is greater than or less than USD 50,000 based on the data available about that individual.
Data Set Description: This Census Income dataset was collected by Barry Becker in 1994 and given to the public site http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Census+Income. This data set will help you understand how the income of a person varies depending on various factors such as the education background, occupation, marital status, geography, age, number of working hours/week, etc.
Here’s a list of the independent or predictor variables used to predict whether an individual earns more than USD 50,000 or not:
- Age
- Work-class
- Final-weight
- Education
- Education-num (Number of years of education)
- Marital-status
- Occupation
- Relationship
- Race
- Sex
- Capital-gain
- Capital-loss
- Hours-per-week
- Native-country
The dependent variable is the “income-level” that represents the level of income. This is a categorical variable and thus it can only take two values:
- <=50k
- >=50k
Now that we’ve defined our objective and collected the data, it is time to start with the analysis.
Step 1: Import the data
Lucky for us, we found a data set online, so all we have to do is import the data set into our R environment, like so:
#Downloading train and test data trainFile = "adult.data"; testFile = "adult.test" if (!file.exists (trainFile)) download.file (url = "http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/adult/adult.data", destfile = trainFile) if (!file.exists (testFile)) download.file (url = "http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/adult/adult.test", destfile = testFile)
In the above code snippet, we’ve downloaded both, the training data set and the testing data set.
If you take a look at the training data, you’ll notice that the predictor variables are not labelled. Therefore, in the below code snippet, I’ve assigned variable names to each predictor variable and to make the data more readable, I’ve gotten rid of unnecessary white spaces.
#Assigning column names
colNames = c ("age", "workclass", "fnlwgt", "education",
"educationnum", "maritalstatus", "occupation",
"relationship", "race", "sex", "capitalgain",
"capitalloss", "hoursperweek", "nativecountry",
"incomelevel")
#Reading training data
training = read.table (trainFile, header = FALSE, sep = ",",
strip.white = TRUE, col.names = colNames,
na.strings = "?", stringsAsFactors = TRUE)
Now in order to study the structure of our data set, we call the str() method. This gives us a descriptive summary of all the predictor variables present in the data set:
#Display structure of the data str (training) > str (training) 'data.frame': 32561 obs. of 15 variables: $ age : int 39 50 38 53 28 37 49 52 31 42 ... $ workclass : Factor w/ 8 levels "Federal-gov",..: 7 6 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 4 ... $ fnlwgt : int 77516 83311 215646 234721 338409 284582 160187 209642 45781 159449 ... $ education : Factor w/ 16 levels "10th","11th",..: 10 10 12 2 10 13 7 12 13 10 ... $ educationnum : int 13 13 9 7 13 14 5 9 14 13 ... $ maritalstatus: Factor w/ 7 levels "Divorced","Married-AF-spouse",..: 5 3 1 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 ... $ occupation : Factor w/ 14 levels "Adm-clerical",..: 1 4 6 6 10 4 8 4 10 4 ... $ relationship : Factor w/ 6 levels "Husband","Not-in-family",..: 2 1 2 1 6 6 2 1 2 1 ... $ race : Factor w/ 5 levels "Amer-Indian-Eskimo",..: 5 5 5 3 3 5 3 5 5 5 ... $ sex : Factor w/ 2 levels "Female","Male": 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 ... $ capitalgain : int 2174 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14084 5178 ... $ capitalloss : int 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... $ hoursperweek : int 40 13 40 40 40 40 16 45 50 40 ... $ nativecountry: Factor w/ 41 levels "Cambodia","Canada",..: 39 39 39 39 5 39 23 39 39 39 ... $ incomelevel : Factor w/ 2 levels "<=50K",">50K": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 ...
So, after importing and transforming the data into a readable format, we’ll move to the next crucial step in Data Processing, which is Data Cleaning.
Step 2: Data Cleaning
The data cleaning stage is considered to be one of the most time-consuming tasks in Data Science. This stage includes removing NA values, getting rid of redundant variables and any inconsistencies in the data.
We’ll begin the data cleaning by checking if our data observations have any missing values:
> table (complete.cases (training)) FALSE TRUE 2399 30162
The above code snippet indicates that 2399 sample cases have NA values. In order to fix this, let’s look at the summary of all our variables and analyze which variables have the greatest number of null values. The reason why we must get rid of NA values is that they lead to wrongful predictions and hence decrease the accuracy of our model.
> summary (training [!complete.cases(training),])
age workclass fnlwgt education educationnum
Min. :17.00 Private : 410 Min. : 12285 HS-grad :661 Min. : 1.00
1st Qu.:22.00 Self-emp-inc : 42 1st Qu.:121804 Some-college:613 1st Qu.: 9.00
Median :36.00 Self-emp-not-inc: 42 Median :177906 Bachelors :311 Median :10.00
Mean :40.39 Local-gov : 26 Mean :189584 11th :127 Mean : 9.57
3rd Qu.:58.00 State-gov : 19 3rd Qu.:232669 10th :113 3rd Qu.:11.00
Max. :90.00 (Other) : 24 Max. :981628 Masters : 96 Max. :16.00
NA's :1836 (Other) :478
maritalstatus occupation relationship race
Divorced :229 Prof-specialty : 102 Husband :730 Amer-Indian-Eskimo: 25
Married-AF-spouse : 2 Other-service : 83 Not-in-family :579 Asian-Pac-Islander: 144
Married-civ-spouse :911 Exec-managerial: 74 Other-relative: 92 Black : 307
Married-spouse-absent: 48 Craft-repair : 69 Own-child :602 Other : 40
Never-married :957 Sales : 66 Unmarried :234 White :1883
Separated : 86 (Other) : 162 Wife :162
Widowed :166 NA's :1843
sex capitalgain capitalloss hoursperweek nativecountry
Female: 989 Min. : 0.0 Min. : 0.00 Min. : 1.00 United-States
Median : 0.0 Median : 0.00 Median :40.00 Canada
Mean : 897.1 Mean : 73.87 Mean :34.23 Philippines
3rd Qu.: 0.0 3rd Qu.: 0.00 3rd Qu.:40.00 Germany
Max. :99999.0 Max. :4356.00 Max. :99.00 (Other)
NA's : 583
From the above summary, it is observed that three variables have a good amount of NA values:
- Workclass – 1836
- Occupation – 1843
- Nativecountry – 583
These three variables must be cleaned since they are significant variables for predicting an individual’s income level.
#Removing NAs TrainSet = training [!is.na (training$workclass) & !is.na (training$occupation), ] TrainSet = TrainSet [!is.na (TrainSet$nativecountry), ]
Once we’ve gotten rid of the NA values, our next step is to get rid of any unnecessary variable that isn’t essential for predicting our outcome. It is important to get rid of such variables because they only increase the complexity of the model without improving its efficiency.
One such variable is the ‘fnlwgt’ variable, which denotes the population totals derived from CPS by calculating “weighted tallies” of any particular socio-economic characteristics of the population.
This variable is removed from our data set since it does not help to predict our resultant variable:
#Removing unnecessary variables TrainSet$fnlwgt = NULL
So that was all for Data Cleaning, our next step is Data Exploration.
Step 3: Data Exploration
Data Exploration involves analyzing each feature variable to check if the variables are significant for building the model.
Exploring the age variable
#Data Exploration #Exploring the age variable > summary (TrainSet$age) Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. 17.00 28.00 37.00 38.44 47.00 90.00 #Boxplot for age variable boxplot (age ~ incomelevel, data = TrainSet, main = "Income levels based on the Age of an individual", xlab = "Income Level", ylab = "Age", col = "salmon")
Box Plot – Data Science Projects – Edureka
#Histogram for age variable incomeBelow50K = (TrainSet$incomelevel == "<=50K") xlimit = c (min (TrainSet$age), max (TrainSet$age)) ylimit = c (0, 1600) hist1 = qplot (age, data = TrainSet[incomeBelow50K,], margins = TRUE, binwidth = 2, xlim = xlimit, ylim = ylimit, colour = incomelevel) hist2 = qplot (age, data = TrainSet[!incomeBelow50K,], margins = TRUE, binwidth = 2, xlim = xlimit, ylim = ylimit, colour = incomelevel) grid.arrange (hist1, hist2, nrow = 2)
Histogram – Data Science Projects – Edureka
The above illustrations show that the age variable is varying with the level of income and hence it is a strong predictor variable.
Exploring the ‘educationnum’ variable
This variable denotes the number of years of education of an individual. Let’s see how the ‘educationnum’ variable varies with respect to the income levels:
> summary (TrainSet$educationnum) Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. 1.00 9.00 10.00 10.12 13.00 16.00 #Boxplot for education-num variable boxplot (educationnum ~ incomelevel, data = TrainSet, main = "Years of Education distribution for different income levels", xlab = "Income Levels", ylab = "Years of Education", col = "green")
Data Exploration (educationnum) – Data Science Projects – Edureka
The above illustration depicts that the ‘educationnum’ variable varies for income levels <=50k and >50k, thus proving that it is a significant variable for predicting the outcome.
Exploring capital-gain and capital-loss variable
After studying the summary of the capital-gain and capital-loss variables for each income level, their means vary significantly, thus indicating that they are suitable variables for predicting an individual’s income level.
> summary (TrainSet[ TrainSet$incomelevel == "<=50K",
+ c("capitalgain", "capitalloss")])
capitalgain capitalloss
Min. : 0.0 Min. : 0.00
1st Qu.: 0.0 1st Qu.: 0.00
Median : 0.0 Median : 0.00
Mean : 148.9 Mean : 53.45
3rd Qu.: 0.0 3rd Qu.: 0.00
Max. :41310.0 Max. :4356.00
Exploring hours/week variable
Similarly, the ‘hoursperweek’ variable is evaluated to check if it is a significant predictor variable.
#Evaluate hours/week variable > summary (TrainSet$hoursperweek) Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. 1.00 40.00 40.00 40.93 45.00 99.00 boxplot (hoursperweek ~ incomelevel, data = TrainSet, main = "Hours Per Week distribution for different income levels", xlab = "Income Levels", ylab = "Hours Per Week", col = "salmon")
Data Exploration (hoursperweek) – Data Science Projects – Edureka
The boxplot shows a clear variation for different income levels which makes it an important variable for predicting the outcome.
Similarly, we’ll be evaluating categorical variables as well. In the below section I’ve created qplots for each variable and after evaluating the plots, it is clear that these variables are essential for predicting the income level of an individual.
Exploring work-class variable
#Evaluating work-class variable qplot (incomelevel, data = TrainSet, fill = workclass) + facet_grid (. ~ workclass)
Data Exploration (workclass) – Data Science Projects – Edureka
#Evaluating occupation variable qplot (incomelevel, data = TrainSet, fill = occupation) + facet_grid (. ~ occupation)
Data Exploration (occupation) – Data Science Projects – Edureka
#Evaluating marital-status variable qplot (incomelevel, data = TrainSet, fill = maritalstatus) + facet_grid (. ~ maritalstatus)
Data Exploration (martialstatus) – Data Science Projects – Edureka
#Evaluating relationship variable qplot (incomelevel, data = TrainSet, fill = relationship) + facet_grid (. ~ relationship)
Data Exploration (relationship) – Data Science Projects – Edureka
All these graphs show that these set of predictor variables are significant for building our predictive model.
Step 4: Building A Model
So, after evaluating all our predictor variables, it is finally time to perform Predictive analytics. In this stage, we’ll build a predictive model that will predict whether an individual earns above USD 50,000 based on the predictor variables we evaluated in the previous section.
To build this model I’ve made use of the boosting algorithm since we have to classify an individual into either of the two classes, i.e:
Income level <= USD 50,000
Income level > USD 50,000
#Building the model set.seed (32323) trCtrl = trainControl(method = "cv", number = 10) boostFit = train (incomelevel ~ age + workclass + education + educationnum + maritalstatus + occupation + relationship + race + capitalgain + capitalloss + hoursperweek + nativecountry, trControl = trCtrl, method = "gbm", data = TrainSet, verbose = FALSE)
Since we’re using an ensemble classification algorithm, I’ve also implemented the Cross-Validation technique to prevent overfitting of the model.
Step 5: Checking the accuracy of the model
To evaluate the accuracy of the model, we’re going to use a confusion matrix:
#Checking the accuracy of the model > confusionMatrix (TrainSet$incomelevel, predict (boostFit, TrainSet)) Confusion Matrix and Statistics Reference Prediction <=50K >50K <=50K 21404 1250 >50K 2927 4581 Accuracy : 0.8615 95% CI : (0.8576, 0.8654) No Information Rate : 0.8067 P-Value [Acc > NIR] : < 2.2e-16 Kappa : 0.5998 Mcnemar's Test P-Value : < 2.2e-16 Sensitivity : 0.8797 Specificity : 0.7856 Pos Pred Value : 0.9448 Neg Pred Value : 0.6101 Prevalence : 0.8067 Detection Rate : 0.7096 Detection Prevalence : 0.7511 Balanced Accuracy : 0.8327 'Positive' Class : <=50K
The output shows that our model calculates the income level of an individual with an accuracy of approximately 86%, which is a good number.
So far, we used the training data set to build the model, now its time to validate the model by using the testing data set.
Step 5: Load and evaluate the test data set
Just like how we cleaned our training data set, our testing data must also be prepared in such a way that it does not have any null values or unnecessary predictor variables, only then can we use the test data to validate our model.
Start by loading the testing data set:
#Load the testing data set testing = read.table (testFile, header = FALSE, sep = ",", strip.white = TRUE, col.names = colNames, na.strings = "?", fill = TRUE, stringsAsFactors = TRUE)
Next, we’re studying the structure of our data set.
#Display structure of the data > str (testing) 'data.frame': 16282 obs. of 15 variables: $ age : Factor w/ 74 levels "|1x3 Cross validator",..: 1 10 23 13 29 3 19 14 48 9 ... $ workclass : Factor w/ 9 levels "","Federal-gov",..: 1 5 5 3 5 NA 5 NA 7 5 ... $ fnlwgt : int NA 226802 89814 336951 160323 103497 198693 227026 104626 369667 ... $ education : Factor w/ 17 levels "","10th","11th",..: 1 3 13 9 17 17 2 13 16 17 ... $ educationnum : int NA 7 9 12 10 10 6 9 15 10 ... $ maritalstatus: Factor w/ 8 levels "","Divorced",..: 1 6 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 6 ... $ occupation : Factor w/ 15 levels "","Adm-clerical",..: 1 8 6 12 8 NA 9 NA 11 9 ... $ relationship : Factor w/ 7 levels "","Husband","Not-in-family",..: 1 5 2 2 2 5 3 6 2 6 ... $ race : Factor w/ 6 levels "","Amer-Indian-Eskimo",..: 1 4 6 6 4 6 6 4 6 6 ... $ sex : Factor w/ 3 levels "","Female","Male": 1 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 ... $ capitalgain : int NA 0 0 0 7688 0 0 0 3103 0 ... $ capitalloss : int NA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... $ hoursperweek : int NA 40 50 40 40 30 30 40 32 40 ... $ nativecountry: Factor w/ 41 levels "","Cambodia",..: 1 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 ... $ incomelevel : Factor w/ 3 levels "","<=50K.",">50K.": 1 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 ...
In the below code snippet we’re looking for complete observations that do not have any null data or missing data.
> table (complete.cases (testing))
FALSE TRUE
1222 15060
> summary (testing [!complete.cases(testing),])
age workclass fnlwgt education educationnum
20 : 73 Private :189 Min. : 13862 Some-college:366 Min. : 1.000
19 : 71 Self-emp-not-inc: 24 1st Qu.: 116834 HS-grad :340 1st Qu.: 9.000
18 : 64 State-gov : 16 Median : 174274 Bachelors :144 Median :10.000
21 : 62 Local-gov : 10 Mean : 187207 11th : 66 Mean : 9.581
22 : 53 Federal-gov : 9 3rd Qu.: 234791 10th : 53 3rd Qu.:10.000
17 : 35 (Other) : 11 Max. :1024535 Masters : 47 Max. :16.000
(Other):864 NA's :963 NA's :1 (Other) :206 NA's :1
maritalstatus occupation relationship race
Never-married :562 Prof-specialty : 62 : 1 : 1
Married-civ-spouse :413 Other-service : 32 Husband :320 Amer-Indian-Eskimo: 10
Divorced :107 Sales : 30 Not-in-family :302 Asian-Pac-Islander: 72
Widowed : 75 Exec-managerial: 28 Other-relative: 65 Black :150
Separated : 33 Craft-repair : 23 Own-child :353 Other : 13
Married-spouse-absent: 28 (Other) : 81 Unmarried :103 White :976
(Other) : 4 NA's :966 Wife : 78
sex capitalgain capitalloss hoursperweek nativecountry
: 1 Min. : 0.0 Min. : 0.00 Min. : 1.00 UnitedStates
Female:508 1st Qu.: 0.0 1st Qu.: 0.00 1st Qu.:20.00 Mexico
Mean : 608.3 Mean : 73.81 Mean :33.49 South
3rd Qu.: 0.0 3rd Qu.: 0.00 3rd Qu.:40.00 England
Max. :99999.0 Max. :2603.00 Max. :99.00 (Other)
NA's :1 NA's :1 NA's :1 NA's :274
From the summary it is clear that we have many NA values in the ‘workclass’, ‘occupation’ and ‘nativecountry’ variables, so let’s get rid of these variables.
#Removing NAs TestSet = testing [!is.na (testing$workclass) & !is.na (testing$occupation), ] TestSet = TestSet [!is.na (TestSet$nativecountry), ] #Removing unnecessary variables TestSet$fnlwgt = NULL
Step 6: Validate the model
The test data set is applied to the predictive model to validate the efficiency of the model. The following code snippet shows how this is done:
#Testing model TestSet$predicted = predict (boostFit, TestSet) table(TestSet$incomelevel, TestSet$predicted) actuals_preds <- data.frame(cbind(actuals=TestSet$incomelevel, predicted=TestSet$predicted)) # make actuals_predicteds dataframe. correlation_accuracy <- cor(actuals_preds) head(actuals_preds)
The table is used to compare the predicted values to the actual income levels of an individual. This model can further be improved by introducing some variations in the model or by using an alternate algorithm.
So, we just executed an entire Data Science Project from scratch.
In the below section I’ve compiled a set of projects that will help you gain experience in data cleaning, statistical analysis, data modeling, and data visualization.
Consider this as your homework.
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Data Science Projects For Resume
Walmart Sales Forecasting
Data Science plays a huge role in forecasting sales and risks in the retail sector. Majority of the leading retail stores implement Data Science to keep a track of their customer needs and make better business decisions. Walmart is one such retailer.
Problem Statement: To analyze the Walmart Sales Data set in order to predict department-wise sales for each of their stores.
Data Set Description: The data set used for this project contains historical training data, which covers sales details from 2010-02-05 to 2012-11-01. For the analysis of this problem, the following predictor variables are used:
- Store – the store number
- Dept – the department number
- Date – the week
- CPI – the consumer price index
- Weekly_Sales – sales for the given department in the given store
- IsHoliday – whether the week is a special holiday week
By studying the dependency of these predictor variables on the response variable, you can predict or forecast sales for the upcoming months.
Logic:
- Import the Data Set: The data set needed for this project can be downloaded from Kaggle.
- Data Cleaning: In this stage, you must make sure to get rid of all inconsistencies, such as missing values and any redundant variables.
- Data Exploration: At this stage, you can plot boxplots and qplots to understand the significance of each predictor variables. Refer to the Census Income Project to understand how graphs can be used to study the significance of each variable.
- Data Modelling: For this particular problem statement, since the outcome is a continuous variable (Number of sales), it is reasonable to build a Regression model. The Linear Regression algorithm can be used to solve such problems since it is specifically used to predict continuous dependent variables.
- Validate the model: At this stage, you should evaluate the efficiency of the data model by using the testing data set and finally calculate the accuracy of the model by using a confusion matrix.
Chicago Crime Analysis
With the increase in the number of crimes taking place in Chicago, law enforcement agencies are trying their best to understand the reason behind such actions. Analyses like these can not only help understand the reasons behind these crimes, but they can also prevent further crimes.
Problem Statement: To analyze and explore the Chicago Crime data set to understand trends and patterns that will help predict any future occurrences of such felonies.
Data Set Description: The dataset used for this project consists of every reported instance of a crime in the city of Chicago from 01/01/2014 to 10/24/2016.
For this analysis, the data set contains many predictor variables such as:
- ID – Identifier of the record
- Case Number – The Chicago Police Chain RD number
- Date – Date of the incident
- Description – Secondary description of the IUCR code
- Location – Location of the occurred incident
Logic:
Like any other Data Science project, the below-described series of steps are followed:
Import the Data Set: The data set needed for this project can be downloaded from Kaggle.
Data Cleaning: In this stage, you must make sure to get rid of all inconsistencies, such as missing values and any redundant variables.
Data Exploration: You can begin this stage by translating the occurrence of crimes into plots on a geographical map of the city. Graphically studying each predictor variable will help you understand which variables are essential for building the model.
Data Modelling: For this particular problem statement, since the nature of crimes varies, it is reasonable to build a clustering model. K-means is the most suitable algorithm for this analysis since it is easy to build clusters using k-means.
Analyzing patterns: Since this problem statement requires you to draw patterns and insights about the crimes, this step mainly involves creating reports and drawing conclusions from the data model.
Validate the model: At this stage, you should evaluate the efficiency of the data model by using the testing data set and finally calculate the accuracy of the model by using a confusion matrix.
Movie Recommendation Engine
Every successful Data Scientist has built at least one recommendation engine in his career. Personalized Recommendation engines are regarded as the holy grails of Data Science projects and that’s why I’ve added this project in the blog.
Problem Statement: To analyze the Movie Lens data set in order to understand trends and patterns that will help to recommend new movies to users.
Data Set Description: The data set used for this project was collected by the GroupLens Research Project at the University of Minnesota.
The dataset consists of the following predictor variables:
- 100k ratings from 943 users on a set of 1682 movies.
- Each user has rated at least 20 movies
- User’s details like age, gender, occupation, geography, etc.
By studying these predictor variables, a model can be built for recommending movies to users.
Logic:
- Import the Data Set: The data set needed for this project can be downloaded from Kaggle.
- Data Cleaning: In this stage, necessary cleaning and transformation are performed so that the model can predict an accurate outcome.
- Data Exploration: At this stage, you can evaluate how the movie genre has affected the ratings of a viewer. Similarly, you can evaluate the movie choice of a user based on his age, gender, and occupation. Graphically studying each predictor variable will help you understand which variables are essential for building the model.
- Data Modelling: For this problem statement, you can use the k-means clustering algorithm, to cluster users based on similar movie viewing patterns. You can also use association rule mining to study the correlation between users and their movie choices.
- Validate the model: At this stage, you should evaluate the efficiency of the data model by using the testing data set and finally calculate the accuracy of the model by using a confusion matrix.
Text Mining
Having a Text Mining project in your resume will definitely increase your chances of getting hired as a Data Scientist. It involves advanced analytics and data mining that will make you a skilled Data Scientist. A popular application of text mining is sentiment analysis, which is extremely useful in social media monitoring because it helps to gain an overview of the wider public opinion on certain topics.
Problem Statement: To perform pre-processing, text analysis, text mining and visualization on a set of documents using Natural Language Processing techniques.
Data Set Description: This data set contains scripts of the famous Star Wars Series from the Original Trilogy Episodes i.e., IV, V and VI.
Logic:
- Import the data set: For this project, you can find the Data set on Kaggle.
- Pre-processing: At this stage in a text mining process, you must get rid of inconsistencies such as, stop words, punctuations, whitespaces, etc. Processes such as lemmatization and data stemming can also be performed for better analysis.
- Build a Document-Term Matrix (DTM): This step involves the creation of a Document-Term Matrix (DTM). It is a matrix that lists the frequency of words in a document. On this matrix, text analysis is performed.
- Text Analysis: Text analysis involves analyzing word frequency for each word in the document and finding correlations between words in order to draw conclusions.
- Text Visualisation: Using histograms and word clouds to represent significant words is one of the important steps in text mining because it helps you understand the most essential words in the document.
So these were a few Projects on Data Science to get you started. I’ve provided you with the blueprint to solve each of these use cases, all you have to do is follow the steps. Don’t hesitate if you want to experiment and do your own thing.
Also, don’t forget to share your implementation in the comment section, I would love to know how your solution turned out.
Now that you know how to solve a real-world problem by using Data Science, I’m sure you’re curious to learn more. Here’s a list of blogs that will help you get started:
- A Comprehensive Guide To R For Data Science
- Data Science vs Machine Learning – What’s The Difference?
- Top 10 Data Science Applications
- A Complete Guide To Math And Statistics For Data Science
With this, we come to the end of this blog. If you have any queries regarding this topic, please leave a comment below and we’ll get back to you.
Stay tuned for more blogs on trending technologies.
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